Among the solutions for mechanizing the spinning process, Leonardo conceived a multiple-spindle spinning machine, capable of twisting the thread and at the same time wrapping it on the bobbin, a system that anticipated the one introduced in England during the Industrial Revolution.

The machine is equipped with a series of mechanisms that transform circular motion into rectilinear alternating motion. The flyer-driven spindle performs a back-and-forth movement that ensures an automatic and uniform distribution of the spun thread on the bobbin, and a rotary motion that ensures that the thread is twisted.
The innovation can be seen in the back-and-forth movement of the spindle, which avoids interruption of the work due to manual passage of the thread from one hook of the flyer to another, allowing the spinners to have both hands free to perform other operations.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Collection
Material
Wood, iron, and leather
Measures
Width: 102.5 cm, Length: 213 cm; Depth: 100 cm.
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, f. 1050 r
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, first floor

Last update: 19 June 2025, 14:08

Excavating machine

Made by
IBM Italia

1952

This machine was used to lift and transport excavation material using two or more arms of different lengths, which allowed work on multiple levels simultaneously.

The model features a vertical axis around which the horizontally positioned arms rotate; at the ends of these arms are pulleys that enable the raising and lowering of containers used to transport the excavation material. The movement of the containers is controlled through ropes passing over a central control pulley. The containers are shaped like rectangular boxes, and their bottoms are divided lengthwise into two free segments held along the central axis by metal hinges or leather strips; they are also equipped with legs for resting on the ground, positioned to extend beyond the width of the bottom segments.

The outer ends of these segments are connected by cords passing through specific holes to a hook that suspends the container. The cords, kept taut by the weight of the container itself, keep the two bottom segments closed, holding in the material placed inside. When the containers descend and rest on their legs on the ground, the tension in the cords is released, and the weight of the material causes the two bottom segments to automatically open downward, emptying the containers. When the containers are lifted again, the bottom automatically closes.

The machine, pulled by a rope connected at a distance to a horizontal winch with a screw and worm gear, could move forward over the ground by sliding along special “guides”; in this way, it did not need to be dismantled as the excavation progressed.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Material
Wood, rope
Measures
Width: 148 cm, Length: 214 cm; Depth: 110 cm.
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, f. 4 r
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Counts Guidi's castle, ground floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 1 July 2025, 11:12

Endless screw elevator

Luigi Boldetti

1973

In designing this lifting system, which employs an endless screw, Leonardo incorporated a ball bearing to reduce friction. Friction was indeed one of the major challenges faced by machine builders of the time, as it negatively affected both the functionality and the longevity of the machine.

The weight to be lifted is applied to the large vertical screw, which moves within an annular horizontal nut. When the nut is rotated by a crank, it forces the screw to rise along with the weight.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Collection
Material
Wood, iron, rope
Measures
Width: 86.5 cm, Length: 49.5 cm, Depth: 28 cm
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Madrid Codex I, f. 26 r
Inventory number
Object Record No.: 00000025
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, second floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 22 September 2025, 09:31

Chain element

Fausto Colombo, Giorgio Valentini

1991

Inspired by drawings in the Codex Atlanticus and Madrid Codex I, two different types of chains have been reconstructed within a wooden frame.

Enlarged reproductions of the chain links show that both are made up of a series of elements connected by pins. When used in a pulley for lifting weights, the chain is stronger than a rope, as it can be engaged by the teeth of a gear.

Sometimes Leonardo depicts weights attached to the ends of the chain, suggesting its use for transmitting intermittent motion to a single gear wheel; this solution could be applied to ratchet mechanisms, such as those in clocks.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Collection
Material
Carved wood
Measures
Width: 80 cm, Height: 160 cm, Depth: 80 cm.
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, f. 987 r
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, second floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 29 September 2025, 11:55

Device for raising poles or posts

Luigi Boldetti

1978

This device designed by Leonardo was used in Renaissance construction sites for pulling, lifting, and vertically positioning posts or poles utilized for building scaffolding or large lifting machines.

The pole is first moved on wheels and then hoisted with ropes connected to two winches. When designing this machine, Leonardo was considering whether it was preferable to use oblique or horizontal traction for lifting a post. He finally decided on horizontal traction, which requires a constant and lesser effort.
 
We do not know whether Leonardo actually invented this device or merely perfected it, but in his notes accompanying the drawing, we can clearly see his constant research for solutions capable not only of optimizing machine operations, but also of reducing human effort.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Material
Carved wood, iron, and cotton thread
Measures
Height: 80 cm.
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Madrid I, f. 43 r
Inventory number
Record no. OA: 00000031
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, first floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 19 June 2025, 13:26

Stop device for automatic silk thread doubling mechanism

Made by
Università di Firenze, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Dipartimento di Meccanica e Tecnologie industriali

2003

In his search for solutions to increase productivity in the textile industry, Leonardo designed a thread doubling mechanism equipped with an ingenious device capable of immediately stopping the machine in the event that one of the threads to be doubled were to break during the pairing process, carried out to increase the robustness of the threads.

From the spools at the top, the threads pass through a thread guide, winding onto the spool fixed on a mobile rod at the center, and while the spindle turns, the doubled threads are distributed on the bobbin. If one of these threads breaks, the spool drops backward, and the shaft on which it is mounted, with its end in the form of an L, moves so that it gets stuck in the rods of the lantern cage mechanism, stopping the rotation of the spindle and preventing the device from wrapping with just one single thread on the bobbin.
This concept of a thread-break controlled stopping device, sometimes referred to as a catch thread device, is applied today in many spinning and weaving machines.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Collection
Material
Wood, iron, silk thread
Measures
Width: 35 cm, Height: 109 cm, Depth: 20 cm
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, f. 103 r
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, first floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 22 September 2025, 08:51

The self-moving carriage (1952)

Giovanni Canestrini, Made by
IBM Italia, Roberto Antonio Guatelli

1952

Constructed in 1952, this self-moving carriage documents one of the earliest interpretations of the drawing by Leonardo, previously considered to have been the forerunner of the automobile.
The two large leaf springs found behind the rudder in the front part of the carriage are charged manually by means of a pincer device, and as they relax, they transmit their stored energy into the moving wheels, causing the carriage to advance. In order to explain the transmitting of the energy generated by the spring leaf to the wheels, the model was provided with some connecting lines, which however did not appear in Leonardo’s drawing. These joined the large springs to the pegged wheels at the corners connected directly to the axles of the moving wheels.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Collection
Material
Carved wood, wrought iron
Measures
Width: 88 cm, Length: 104.5 cm, Depth: 184 cm.
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, f. 812 r
Inventory number
Record n. OA: 00000048
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, second floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 24 June 2025, 11:20

Bevel and spur gear speed changer

Made by
IBM Italia

1952

In these devices, a lantern gear drives three toothed wheels. Their different diameters cause them to rotate at different speeds. Leonardo’s study compares two possibilities: in one case, the lantern gear is cylindrical, the three wheels have identical teeth, and each has its own axis of rotation. In the second case, the conical shape of the lantern gear results in different teeth for each wheel, but allows the use of a single common axis of rotation. A similar principle is applied in modern automobile gearboxes.

The model with the conical lantern gear is presented in two examples, reflecting two different interpretations: the first from 1952, and the second from 1983.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Collection
Material
Painted carved wood
Measures
Width: 37 cm, Length: 50 cm, Depth: 60 cm
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, f. 77 v
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, second floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 29 September 2025, 11:59

Three-speed gearbox

Fausto Colombo

1983

The model consists of three selectable gear ratios. A lantern gear in the shape of a truncated cone engages with three toothed wheels of different diameters. It is this lantern pinion, operated by a crank, that transmits motion to the three wheels. These wheels rotate at different speeds, corresponding to the time taken to complete a full turn. The device, as schematized in the model, could be applied to various types of machinery.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Collection
Material
Carved Swiss pine wood
Measures
Width: 75 cm, Length: 75 cm, Depth: 75 cm
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, f. 77 v
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, second floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 29 September 2025, 11:35

Leonardo proposed different solutions for automating the process of beating precious metals, or in other words, the work that the gold-beater carried out manually in his workshop to reduce gold and silver down to very thin sheets, which would then be used for producing threads of precious metals, or for gilding frames, or for use in paintings.

One of his most remarkable designs was the mechanical gold-beater. The device was set into operation by turning a driving wheel capable of simultaneously actuating a series of synchronized devices and automated mechanisms, made up of pulleys, toothed wheels, and counterweights. The metal to be processed moved along at the base of the gold-beating machine, where it was beaten by a mallet actuated by a device connected with the upper part of the machine.
Leonardo’s intentions were probably to make use of the gold-beating machine in the production of auroseric threads, obtained by wrapping fine strips of silver or gold around a silk thread.

Technical informations

Type of exhibit
Model
Collection
Material
Wood, iron, leather, rope, lead, and gold leaf.
Measures
Width: 123 cm, Length: 250 cm; Depth: 140 cm.
Storage location
Relationship with the original work
Source: Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, f. 29 r
Location
Museo Leonardiano, Palazzina Uzielli, first floor

Related exhibits

Last update: 19 June 2025, 14:32

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